Elephanta Island & Caves historical timeline

The caves preserve several historical layers, from early island occupation to a major period of Shaiva rock-cut art and later colonial presence.

Chronology

1. From the 2nd century B.C. Archaeological remains indicate occupation on Gharapuri before the principal caves.
2. Mid-5th–6th centuries The great Shaiva caves and their principal sculpture are excavated from the western hill.
3. 16th century Portuguese control introduces the name Elephanta, associated with a large stone elephant found on the island.
4. 1987 UNESCO inscribes the Elephanta Caves under criteria (i) and (iii).
5. Late 20th century to present Conservation stabilises pillars, façades and visitor paths while saline activity and surface deterioration remain concerns.

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